Figure 7.13 Schematic representation of Earth system model processes. Within a hierarchy of models, process models may focus on a single element of this schematic (such as permafrost), component models isolate a particulate component (such as the ocean or atmosphere) subject to prescribed boundary conditions, and fully coupled models include interactions across components. Copyright UCAR. Illustration courtesy of Warren Washington, NCAR (as shown in Lique et al., 2016).